You Searched For: Fumaric+acid+di-(2-ethylhexyl)+ester

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: Neuregulin-4 (Nrg4) belongs to a small family of EGF-like (EGFL) domain-containing proteins that are synthesized as transmembrane precursors and undergo proteolytic cleavage. The EGF-like domain (aa 5-46) of Nrg4 (aa 1-53) directly binds to the receptors ErbB3 and 4. Nrg4 is a cold induced adipokine, highly expressed in adipose tissues and enriched in brown fat. It is increased during brown adipocyte differentiation and reduced in rodent and human obesity. It promotes neurite outgrowth and protects against diet-induced insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis through attenuating hepatic lipogenic signaling. This hepatic effect of Nrg4 is mediated by ErbB3 and ErbB4 signaling that negatively regulates de novo lipogenesis mediated by LXR and SREBP1c. This effect of Nrg4 on fatty liver and insulin resistance could lead to the development of Nrg4 as an effective therapeutic biological for the treatment of NAFLD and type 2 diabetes. GST-Nrg4 (aa 1-53) recombinant protein has been shown to mimic the effect of endogenous secreted Nrg4 on liver lipogenesis.

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: In recent years several groups have studied the sequence requirements, specificity, signaling pathways and kinetics of the TLR (Toll-like receptor) 9 suppression by inhibitory oligonucleotide motifs, which led to a class of novel inhibitory oligonucleotide (iODNs), that is independent of the previously thought species preference. Subsequently it has been discovered that telomeric DNA repeats (TTAGGG)n can block immune activation by CpG-ODNs. Short, 11-15 base long oligonucleotides were synthesized that were capable of potently inhibiting CpG-stimulation. The optimal inhibitory DNA motif consists of a pyrimidine-rich triplet, preferably CCT, which is positioned 5- to the GGG sequence in a singlestranded DNA molecule. Additionally, both the optimal spacing between the CCT and GGG motifs, as well as their relative order to each other, is of crucial importance for the inhibitory DNA action. Interestingly, although both TLR7/TLR8 ligands and bacterial DNA share the endosomal compartment for receptor binding and signal transduction, certain iODNs (G-type) suppress only TLR9-mediated activation, whereas prototype class I iODN may also interfere with the activation via the TLR7/TLR8 pathway. Recently, intriguing evidence has been presented that for some iODN classes the immuno-modulatory biological activity shows only limited sequence dependency or may not even involve TLR-mediated uptake and signaling pathways. For example iODNs of the class II are thought to act on immune activation through inhibition of STAT signaling and independent of TLR signaling via binding to a yet to be identified 'ODN-receptor'. Slightly modified phosphodiester versions of the most potent inhibitory ODNs were also able to profoundly block the immune activation of macrophages and just recently prove to be valuable tools for in vivo use in experimental animal models of inflammatory and auto-immune diseases. Based upon these recent insights the following classification for iODNs has been suggested: Class I: G-stretch ODNs: TLR9-specific competitors, some iODNs may also affect TLR7 and TLR8 signalingClass II: ODNs with telomeric repeats: TLR-independent inhibitors of STAT signaling (cellular uptake via an 'ODN receptor'?)Class III: Inhibitors of DNA uptake in a sequence independent mannerClass IV: Long phosphorothioate ODNs as direct competitors of TLR9 signaling in a sequence independent manner

Catalog Number: (102979-308)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: GARP (LRRC32) is a ~80kD transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on the cell surface of megakaryocytes, platelets and a subset of activated regulatory T (Treg) cells. It is essential for the surface expression of latent TGF-beta on platelets and activated FOXP3+ regulatory T cells.

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a cytokine produced by type 2 helper T cells, the Th2 cells. These cells tends to make a specific set of lymphokines including IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-3 and GM-CSF and fail to produce IL-2, IFN-gamma, and lymphotoxin (TNF-beta). In addition, mast cells can produce IL-4. IL-4 exerts numerous effects on various hematopoietic cell types. On B cells, IL-4 promotes immunoglobulin class switching to IgE and IgG1 isotypes and upregulates MHC class II and CD23 expression. IL-4 promotes survival, growth, and differentiation of both T and B lymphocytes, mast cells and endothelial cells. In addition, IL-4 inhibits the production of TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 by macrophages.

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) are closely related secreted ligands which bind with similar affinity to Tie-2. Tie-2 and angiopoietins have been shown to play critical roles in embryogenic angiogenesis and in maintaining the integrity of the adult vasculature. Ang-1 activates Tie-2 signaling on endothelial cells to promote chemotaxis, cell survival, cell sprouting, vessel growth and stabilization. Ang-2 has been identified as a secreted protein ligand of Tie-2 and has alternatively been reported to be an antagonist for Ang-1 induced Tie-2 signaling as well as an agonist for Tie-2 signaling, depending on the cell context.

Catalog Number: (102980-126)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: Netrin-1 controls guidance of CNS commissural axons and peripheral motor axons. Its association with either DCC or some UNC5 receptors will lead to axon attraction or repulsion, respectively. It also serve as a survival factor via its association with its receptors which prevent the initiation of apoptosis. Netrin-1 is also Involved in tumorigenesis by regulating apoptosis. Netrin-1 promotes atherosclerosis by retaining macrophages in the artery wall. Netrin-1 also governs induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS) formation and improves reprogramming efficiency of human and mouse somatic cells by limiting apoptosis mediated by Netrin-1 receptors DCC or UNC5b.

Catalog Number: (103692-504)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: Interleukin-23 receptor (IL-23R), is a member of the type I cytokine receptor family, type 2 subfamily. It is expressed by monocytes, Th1, Th0, NK and dendritic cells. Isoform 1 is specifically expressed in NK cells. IL-23 functions in innate and adaptive immunity and may participate in acute response to infection in peripheral tissues. IL-23 may be responsible for autoimmune inflammatory diseases and be important for tumorigenesis. IL-23R associates with IL-12RB1 to form the interleukin-23 receptor. It binds IL-23 and mediates T cells, NK cells and possibly certain macrophage/myeloid cells stimulation probably through activation of the Jak-Stat signaling cascade. Genetic variations in IL-23R are associated with inflammatory bowel disease type 17 (IBD17). IBD17 is a chronic, relapsing inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract with a complex etiology. Genetic variations in IL-23R also can cause susceptibility to psoriasis type 7.

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: LSD1 is a promising target for cancer therapy. Epigenetic control of histone methylation is frequently associated with oncogenesis and LSD1 is overexpressed in many types of cancer. siRNA knockdown of LSD1 has been shown to suppress growth of cancer cells. SP-2528 is a selective and reversible LSD1 inhibitor with an IC(50) of 10nM. SP-2528 demonstrates a high specificity for LSD1, with no effect on MAOi.

Catalog Number: (102978-658)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: The anti-IgG1 (mouse), pAb (HRP) is cross-adsorbed against mouse IgM, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 and IgA, pooled human sera and purified human immunoglobulins.

Catalog Number: (102979-288)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: Thymidineglycol (TG) is one of the major oxidation products of DNA. Thymidine (T) can be damaged by oxidative stress such as radiation and energy metabolism. Two different pathways to form TG have been suggested. Deoxythymidine in DNA is directly oxidised by hydroxy radical, to form TG. TG can be also formed through an intermediate thymidine chlorohydrin, which is derived from hypochlorous acid (HOCl) from neutrophil myeloperoxidase. Thymidineglycol is derived from DNA, not from RNA. TG is the oxidative stress marker secific for DNA damage. In comparison with 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), which is the best known DNA oxidation product it was shown that in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mouse liver, 8-OHdG can be stained within 24 hours after LPS treatment. TG can be detected within 6 hours, and remains at least for 72 hours.

Catalog Number: (102978-598)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: Podoplanin is expressed on glomerular epithelial cells (podocytes), type I lung alveolar cells, lymphatic endothelial cells and numerous tumors, including colorectal tumors, squamous cell carcinomas, testicular seminoma and brain tumors. Podoplanin is the ligand for C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2). Their association is dependent on sialic acid on O-glycans of podoplanin. Through its association with CLEC-2, podoplanin induces platelet aggregation and tumor metastasis. Podoplanin is also necessary for lymphatic vessel formation, normal lung cell proliferation and alveolus formation at birth.

Catalog Number: (102981-794)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: CD273 (B7-DC; PD-L2) is a type I surface molecule with homology to CD80, CD86, CD274. It is expressed primarily by dendritic cells and provides a stimulatory signal to CD279 (PD-1; Programmed Cell Death 1) which has an important immunoregulatory role by downregulating the T cell response. CD273 binds to CD279 (PD-1) with a 2-6 fold higher affinity than CD274 and is an important component of immune regulation.

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: Progranulin (PGRN) is a widely expressed pluripotent growth factor which plays a role in processes such as development, wound repair and inflammation by activating signaling cascades that control cell cycle progression and cell motility. Its function in the central nervous system is of interest, as mutations in the PGRN gene were found in cases of frontotemporal degeneration (FTLD). In addition, PGRN has also been linked to tumorigenesis. Progranulin is a biomarker for FTLD, other types of Alzheimer‘s Disease (AD) and potentially for MCI (Mild Cognitive Impairment). Additionally, PGRN is described as a new ligand of TNF receptors and a potential therapeutic against inflammatory disease like arthritis.

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: Activation of cells by LPS is mediated by the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). For optimal interaction with LPS, TLR4 requires association with myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2). According to current consensus activation of TLR4 is preceded by the transfer of LPS to membrane-bound (m) or soluble (s) CD14 by LPS-binding protein (LBP). Re-form LPS and lipid A, but not S-form LPS, are capable of inducing TNF-alpha responses also in the absence of CD14. LPS, synthesized by most wild-type (WT) Gram-negative bacteria (S-form LPS), consists of three regions, the O-polysaccharide chain, which is made up of repeating oligosaccharide units, the core oligosaccharide and the lipid A, which harbors the endotoxic activity of the entire molecule. R-form LPS synthesized by the so-called rough (R) mutants of Gram-negative bacteria lacks the O-specific chain. Furthermore, the core-oligosaccharide may be present in different degrees of completion, depending on the class (Ra to Re) to which the mutant belongs. LPS are amphipathic molecules whose hydrophobicity decreases with increasing length of the sugar part. Based upon these differences, S- and R-form LPS show marked differences in the kinetics of their blood clearance and cellular uptake as well as in the ability to induce oxidative burst in human granulocytes and to activate the host complement system.

Catalog Number: (102979-946)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: IL-36alpha (IL-1F6), IL-36beta (IL-1F8) and IL-36gamma (IL-1F9) bind to IL-36R (IL-1Rrp2) and IL-1RAcP, activating similar intracellular signals as IL-1. IL-36Ra inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-12, IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha and IL-23 induced by IL-36 in BMDC and CD4 T cells. Skin and dendritic cells are targets of the IL-36 interleukins leading to a Th1 response. These cytokines may represent potential targets for immune-mediated inflammatory conditions or, alternatively, could be used as adjuvants in vaccination.

Catalog Number: (102979-930)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: Asc promotes caspase-mediated apoptosis. This proapoptotic activity is mediated predominantly through the activation of caspase-9. It is a component of the inflammasome, a protein complex which also includes NLRP3/NALP3, CARD8 and CASP1 and whose function is the activation of proinflammatory caspases.