You Searched For: ADIPOGEN CORP MS

Catalog Number: (102981-260)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: For application to living cells, the diacetyl derivative of ZnAF-1F, ZnAF-1F DA, was synthesized. ZnAF-1F DA can permeate through the cell membrane, and is hydrolyzed by esterase in the cytosol to yield ZnAF-1F, which is retained in the cells. ZnAF-1F DA has been used to measure the changes of intracellular Zn2+ in cultured cells and hippocampal slices. Spectral data: lambdaex 492nm; lambdaem 514nm in PBS.

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: The transmembrane and secreted protein delta-like 1 homolog (DLK1; Protein delta homolog 1; Preadipocyte factor 1; Pref-1) belongs to the EGF-like family. It can be cleaved by a tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) to release a soluble form. DLK1 plays important roles in regulating cell differentiation such as adipogenesis and osteogenesis. Membrane-bound DLK1 promotes hypertrophic myotube formation, whereas soluble DLK1 inhibits myotube formation. The soluble form of DLK1 inhibits preadipocyte differentiation, while membrane DLK1 represses preadipocyte proliferation. DLK1 is also associated with tumor invasion.

Catalog Number: (102971-606)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: Inflammatory caspases (also known as group I caspases) are encoded by three main genes in humans, caspase-1, caspase-4 and caspase-5 and three main genes in mouse, caspase-1, caspase-11 and caspase-12. Caspase-11 is the murine orthologue of human caspase-4 and -5. Murine caspase-11 is a poorly characterized member of the caspase-1 subfamily. Caspase-11-deficient embryonic fibroblasts are resistant to apoptosis induced by ectopic expression of caspase-1, suggesting that caspase-11 is an upstream activator of caspase-1. Unlike caspase-1, the expression of caspase-11 is LPS-inducible and it is reasonable to postulate that other members of the family are regulated at the transcriptional or translational level by extracellular stimuli. Recently caspase-11 has been shown to be required for activation of the Nlrp3 inflammasome upon E. coli, V. cholerae and C. rodentium infection. The upstream activators of caspase-11 are TLR4 and TRIF, that modulate enteropathogen-induced inflammasome activation by promoting caspase-11 expression and activation. Formation of ASC foci (specks), a measure of NLRP3/ASC complex formation, requires caspase-11 but not caspase-1 indicating that caspase-11 acts upstream of the NLRP3/ASC complex.

Catalog Number: (102971-618)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: The most prominent members of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) superfamily are IL-1alpha and IL-1beta. They lack a signal peptide and are secreted by an unconventional, endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi-independent mechanism. IL-1alpha was reported to be more widely and constitutively expressed and has intracellular functions, but also acts locally in a membrane-bound form by activating IL-1R1. Additionally, passive release of IL-1alpha upon cell death can trigger a sterile inflammatory response to dying cells. The cleavage of IL-1alpha is not mediated by caspase-1 and is not required for binding to IL-1R1. Recently it has been observed that all activators of the inflammasome NLRP3/NALP3 induce the simultaneous secretion of IL-1alpha and IL-1beta. Although most activators fully rely on the inflammasome for IL-1alpha secretion, some induce the processing and secretion of IL-1alpha in an inflammasome-independent manner.

Catalog Number: (102981-394)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: In recent years several groups have studied the sequence requirements, specificity, signaling pathways and kinetics of the TLR (Toll-like receptor) 9 suppression by inhibitory oligonucleotide motifs, which led to a class of novel inhibitory oligonucleotide (iODNs), that is independent of the previously thought species preference. Subsequently it has been discovered that telomeric DNA repeats (TTAGGG)n can block immune activation by CpG-ODNs. Short, 11-15 base long oligonucleotides were synthesized that were capable of potently inhibiting CpG-stimulation. The optimal inhibitory DNA motif consists of a pyrimidine-rich triplet, preferably CCT, which is positioned 5- to the GGG sequence in a singlestranded DNA molecule. Additionally, both the optimal spacing between the CCT and GGG motifs, as well as their relative order to each other, is of crucial importance for the inhibitory DNA action. Interestingly, although both TLR7/TLR8 ligands and bacterial DNA share the endosomal compartment for receptor binding and signal transduction, certain iODNs (G-type) suppress only TLR9-mediated activation, whereas prototype class I iODN may also interfere with the activation via the TLR7/TLR8 pathway. Recently, intriguing evidence has been presented that for some iODN classes the immuno-modulatory biological activity shows only limited sequence dependency or may not even involve TLR-mediated uptake and signaling pathways. For example iODNs of the class II are thought to act on immune activation through inhibition of STAT signaling and independent of TLR signaling via binding to a yet to be identified 'ODN-receptor'. Slightly modified phosphodiester versions of the most potent inhibitory ODNs were also able to profoundly block the immune activation of macrophages and just recently prove to be valuable tools for in vivo use in experimental animal models of inflammatory and auto-immune diseases. Based upon these recent insights the following classification for iODNs has been suggested: Class I: G-stretch ODNs: TLR9-specific competitors, some iODNs may also affect TLR7 and TLR8 signalingClass II: ODNs with telomeric repeats: TLR-independent inhibitors of STAT signaling (cellular uptake via an 'ODN receptor'?)Class III: Inhibitors of DNA uptake in a sequence independent mannerClass IV: Long phosphorothioate ODNs as direct competitors of TLR9 signaling in a sequence independent manner

Catalog Number: (102980-142)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: IL-36Ra/IL-1F5 is a highly and a specific antagonist of the IL-1 receptor-related protein 2-mediated response to IL-36alpha (IL-1F6), IL-36beta (IL-1F8) and IL-36gamma (IL-1F9). These cytokines bind to IL-36R (IL-1Rrp2) and IL-1RAcP, activating similar intracellular signals as IL-1. IL-36Ra inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-12, IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha and IL-23 induced by IL-36 in BMDC and CD4 T cells. Skin and dendritic cells are target of the IL-36 interleukins leading to a Th1 response. Recently mutations that affect the levels and the activity of IL-36Ra have been found in patients with pustular psoriasis, leading to enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-8 in particular) by keratinocytes.

Catalog Number: (102980-342)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: Collagen triple helix repeat containing-1 (CTHRC1) is a 30kDa glycosylated secretory protein containing a short collagen-like motif contributing to vascular remodeling by limiting collagen matrix deposition and promoting cell migration. CTHRC1 is expressed in calcified atherosclerotic plaque and chondrocyte-like cells, in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and remodeling tissues. Aberrant expression of CTHRC1 is present in human solid cancers and likely to be associated with cancer invasion and metastasis. With adiponectin and other members of the C1q/TNF-related protein (CTRP) family, CTHRC1 shares the presence of a short N-terminal collagen domain but it lacks the characteristic C1q domain that defines the CTRP family of proteins. A recent study identifies CTHRC1 as a novel circulating hormone with metabolic effects.

Catalog Number: (102980-454)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: NAD synthetase is an essential enzyme involved in both the de novo biosynthesis and salvage of NAD+, catalyzing the final step of both pathways

Catalog Number: (102971-582)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: The Notch ligand delta-like protein 1 (DLL1) is essential for postnatal arteriogenesis and contributes to tumor progression. DLL1 is involved in differentiation and self-renewal of adipocyte stem cells. It blocks the differentiation of progenitor cells into the B cell lineage while promoting the emergence of a population of cells with the characteristics of a T cell/NK-cell precursor.

Catalog Number: (102981-714)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: Crotonaldehyde (CRA) is a representative carcinogenic aldehyde formed endogenously through lipid peroxidation. CRA is highly reactive aldehyde and reacts with lysine residue in protein. The reaction with CRA and lysine residue leads to the formation of numerous numbers of adducts.

Catalog Number: (102980-088)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: Progranulin (PGRN) is a widely expressed pluripotent growth factor which plays a role in processes such as development, wound repair and inflammation by activating signaling cascades that control cell cycle progression and cell motility. Its function in the central nervous system is of interest, as mutations in the PGRN gene were found in cases of frontotemporal degeneration (FTLD). In addition, PGRN has also been linked to tumorigenesis. Progranulin is a biomarker for FTLD, other types of Alzheimer‘s Disease (AD) and potentially for MCI (Mild Cognitive Impairment). Additionally, PGRN is described as a new ligand of TNF receptors and a potential therapeutic against inflammatory disease like arthritis.

Catalog Number: (102979-940)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: GPxs are glutathione peroxidases involved in balancing the H2O2 homeostasis in signaling cascades. GPxs have been known to catalyze the reduction of H2O2 or organic hydroperoxides to water or the corresponding alcohols, respectively, typically using glutathione (GSH) as reductant. GPx8 (probable glutathione peroxidase 8) is a 209-aa, 24kDa protein with an N-terminal cytosolic tip, a predicted transmembrane segment and a catalytic domain located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen. GPx8 is a CysGPxs with low glutathione peroxidase activity. A recent study identified GPx8 as a cellular substrate of the hepatitis C virus NS3-4A protease. GPx8 cleavage by NS3-4A occurs at Cys11, removing the cytosolic tip of GPx8 and was observed in different experimental systems as well as in liver biopsies from patients with chronic hepatitis C.

Catalog Number: (102979-280)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: B7-H4 is a B7 family member that negatively regulates T cell immunity by inhibiting T cell proliferation, cytokine production and cell cycle progression. In vitro, B7-H4 inhibits CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation, cytokine production and generation of alloreactive cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). In vivo, blockade of endogenous B7-H4 by specific monoclonal antibody promotes T cell responses. B7-H4 ia an important negative regulator of innate immunity through growth inhibition of neutrophils. B7-H4 is expressed on some tumor cancer cells. The role of B7-H4 in tumor progression may be to transform precancerous cells and then protect them from immunosurveillance.

Catalog Number: (102981-762)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: Human CD66b (CEACAM8, CGMb, NCA-95, CD67) is a 95kD member of the Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) group. It is expressed on granulocytes and functions as an adhesion molecule. Similar to the CD66 a, c, and d isoforms, engagement of CD66b on neutrophils causes increased adhesion to endothelial cells. Crosslinking CD66b on neutrophils with antibodies triggers IL-8 release.

Catalog Number: (102979-302)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: CD274 (B7-H1; PD-L1; Programmed Death Ligand) is a member of the B7 family and is expressed on a variety of tissues including lymphoid cells. It plays an important role in regulation of T cell activation and is involved in progression of cancer, arthritis and HIV infection. CD274 binding to its receptor CD279 (PD-1) on activated T cells can decrease proliferation. Conversely, ligation of CD279 on primed T cells can stimulate IL-10 production. High levels of CD274 present in renal cell carcinoma is associated with poor prognosis. Tumor expressed CD274 can increase apoptosis of tumor specific T cells resulting in better tumor cell survival.

Catalog Number: (102981-606)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: Interleukin-7 (IL-7), is a hematopoietic growth factor and a member of the IL-7/IL-9 family. IL-7 stimulates the proliferation of lymphoid progenitors and is secreted by stromal cells in the bone marrow and thymus. IL-7 is also important for proliferation during certain stages of B cell maturation. IL-7 and the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) form a heterodimer that functions as a pre-pro-B cell growth-stimulating factor. It is found to be a cofactor for V(D)J rearrangement of the T cell receptor beta (TCRbeta) during early T cell development. IL-7 can be produced locally by intestinal epithelial and epithelial goblet cells and may serve as a regulatory factor for intestinal mucosal lymphocytes.