You Searched For: Proteins and Peptides

Supplier: VWR International

Description: Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a growth factor that is produced by the liver. IGF-1 production is stimulated by growth hormone (GH). IGF-I binds the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) and the insulin receptor to stimulate systemic body growth. IGF-I is one of the most potent activators of the AKT signaling pathway, which stimulates cell proliferation and inhibits programmed cell death. Mature human IGF-I is 100% homologous to bovine and porcine IGF-1 proteins.

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Supplier: VWR International

Description: Leptin is a hormone that is produced by adipose tissue and plays critical roles in the physiologic regulation of body weight. Leptin acts through the leptin receptor (LEPR) to regulate adipose mass by inhibiting hunger and balancing energy usage. Leptin mutations cause severe hereditary obesity and hypogonadism in rodents and humans. Leptin also has thermogenic actions, regulates enzymes of fatty acid oxidation, and is involved in hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, wound healing, inflammation, and immune responses.

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Supplier: VWR International

Description: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a growth factor that stimulates the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of epithelial and epidermal cells. EGF contains three intramolecular disulfide bonds and binds in high affinity to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EGF is overexpressed in multiple tumor cell lines and promotes resistance to chemotherapy and radiation treatments.

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Supplier: VWR International

Description: <p>Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-basic), also known as FGF-2, is expressed by endothelial cells and is a mediator of angiogenesis. FGF-basic also has cardioprotective functions during heart injury. FGF-basic is a critical component for embryonic stem cell culture systems and is necessary for maintaining cells in an undifferentiated state. Degredation of the full length FGF-basic N-terminus results in a truncated FGF-basic 147aa protein, when the protein is isolated from biological sources. The N-terminus extensions influence the localization of FGF-basic within the cell, but do not affect the biological activity of FGF-basic. Therefore, there are no detectable differences in biological activity between the full length FGF-basic 154aa and the truncated FGF-basic 147aa recombinant proteins.</p>

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Supplier: VWR International

Description: Galectin-1 belongs to the lectin family of carbohydrate binding proteins and binds glycans as both a monomer and a homodimer. Galectin-1 is produced in peripheral lymphoid organs and inflammatory sites. Galectin-1 plays important roles in acute and chronic inflammatory processes, cell growth, cell proliferation, and induces apoptosis of activated T cells. Galectin-1 also modulates cytokine secretion and inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

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Supplier: VWR International

Description: Interleukin 20 (IL-20) is structurally related to interleukin 10 (IL-10) and is produced by keratinocytes and monocytes. IL-20 acts through the STAT3 signaling pathway to regulate the proliferation of keratinocytes during epidermal inflammation.

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Supplier: VWR International

Description: Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a type II interferon that is critical during adaptive and innate immune responses to infection.  IFN-γ is produced by T cells and natural killer cells following antigen-specific activation.  IFN-γ binds IFN-γ receptors (IFN-γ R1 and IFN-γ R2), which are expressed on most immune cells, to activate the JAK-STAT pathway.  IFN-γ-induced signaling increases the expression of class 1 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.  

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Supplier: VWR International

Description: Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) exerts its effects by binding to the EGF Receptor, a protein kinase that initiates the intracellular signaling (1). EGF is widely distributed in tissues like the kidney, cerebrum, prostate, and salivary glands. EGF acts as a potent factor in promoting cell division, and the phosphorylated receptor recruit adapter proteins like GRB2, which then activate complex downstream signaling cascades. EGF stimulates the proliferation differentiation, and survival of epithelial and epidermal cells. EGF possesses three intramolecular disulfide bonds and forms a strong attachment to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Activation of EGFR initiates diverse cellular pathways in response to toxic environmental stimuli, or to EGF binding to the receptor, the EGFR forms homo- or heterodimers with other family members. (2, 3). EGF activates at least four major downstream signaling pathways, including the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK, PI3 kinase-AKT, PLC gamma-PKC, and STAT modules. Additionally, research suggests that EGF may play a significant role in activating the NF-kappa-B signaling cascade (4). Mutations in the EGF gene are responsible for hypomagnesemia type 4, and its dysregulation has been linked to the development and progression of certain cancers (5).

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Supplier: VWR International

Description: Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor with broad production across different cell types (1). The regulation of monocyte and macrophage development to maintain homeostasis is primarily governed by M-CSF, which is generated by stromal cells present in both the bloodstream and tissues. Mature mononuclear phagocytes, in response, possess CSF-1 receptors (CSF-1R) and eliminate circulating CSF-1. This process creates a feedback mechanism responsible for diminishing monocyte proliferation (2, 3, 4). M-CSF also exerts its effects by interacting with CSF1R, influencing various processes related to immunology, bone health, fertility, and pregnancy regulation (5). Human M-CSF has cross reactivity to mouse cells, whereas mouse M-CSF does not exhibit activity on human cells (6).

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Supplier: VWR International

Description: Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 3 (EBI3) is a secreted glycoprotein belonging to the hematopoietin receptor family related to the p40 subunit of interleukin 12 (IL-12). EBI3 expression is induced in B-lymphocytes in response to Epstein-Barr virus infection. EBI3 forms heterodimers with p28 to form interleukin 27 (IL-27), and with p35 to form interleukin 35 (IL-35). Both IL-27 and IL-35 have anti-inflammatory and regulatory activity.

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Supplier: VWR International

Description: Monocyte chemotactic protein 2 (MCP-2), also known as CCL8, is a cytokine that is important during allergic and inflammatory responses. MCP-2 activates mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils through the G protein-coupled chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2B, and CCR5.

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Supplier: VWR International

Description: Interleukin 8 (IL-8 or CXCL8) is a member of the CXC cytokine family and is produced by macrophages, epithelial, smooth muscle, and endothelial cells. IL-8 binds the G protein-coupled serpentine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. IL-8 recruits innate immune cells, induces phagocytosis, and stimulates angiogenesis.   

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Supplier: VWR International

Description: Beta-Defensin 3 (BD-3), also known as DEFB-3, is a member of the defensin class of antimicrobial peptides. Beta defensins exert host defense responses against viruses, bacteria, and fungi through the binding and permeabilizing of microbial membranes. BD-3 expression is stimulated by interferon-gamma and is an important molecule during adaptive immunity.

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Supplier: VWR International

Description: WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 2 (WISP-2) is a member of the CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN) family of regulatory factors. WISP-2 is expressed in ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal lineages, including primary osteoblasts, fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, and adipogenic precursor cells. WISP-2 is a canonical WNT ligand that regulates cell proliferation, adhesion, and metastasis. Secreted WISP-2 promotes mesenchymal precursor cell proliferation and maintains them in an undifferentiated state. In bone-forming osteoblasts, WISP-2 promotes osteoblast adhesion and inhibits osteocalcin production.

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Supplier: VWR International

Description: Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is an inflammatory cytokine secreted by macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, T cells, and NK-cells following stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TNF-α signal activation occurs through two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2. TNFR1 is expressed on most cell types, unlike TNFR2, which is expressed mainly on immune cells. TNF-α functions to stimulate phagocytosis in macrophages, chemoattract neutrophils, increase insulin resistance, and induce fever.

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Supplier: VWR International

Description: Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is an endocrine hormone that regulates energy homeostasis and exerts cardioprotective functions during heart injury. FGF-21 is expressed in the liver, pancreas, heart, and adipose tissues. FGF-21 signaling is activated through the FGFR1c receptor and β-Klotho co-receptor. FGF-21 is an important regulator of glucose uptake and reduces cell apoptosis under stress conditions.

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