You Searched For: PACIFIC+TRANSDUCER+CORP

Catalog Number: (10412-046)

Supplier: Bioss

Description: Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, occurs during normal cellular differentiation and development of multicellular organisms. Apoptosis is induced by certain cytokines including TNF and Fas ligand of the TNF family through their death domain containing receptors, TNFR1 and Fas. Cell death signals are transduced by death domain (DD) containing adapter molecules and members of the ICE/CED3 protease family. A novel DD containing molecule was recently cloned from mouse, human and monkey and designated Daxx. Daxx is a death domain containing important intermediate in the Fas mediated apoptosis. Daxx binds specifically to the Fas death domain and enhances Fas induced apoptosis and activates the Jun N terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. It is widely expressed in fetal and adult human and mouse tissue, indicating its important function in Fas signaling pathways.

Catalog Number: (10412-524)

Supplier: Bioss

Description: Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, occurs during normal cellular differentiation and development of multicellular organisms. Apoptosis is induced by certain cytokines including TNF and Fas ligand of the TNF family through their death domain containing receptors, TNFR1 and Fas. Cell death signals are transduced by death domain (DD) containing adapter molecules and members of the ICE/CED3 protease family. A novel DD containing molecule was recently cloned from mouse, human and monkey and designated Daxx. Daxx is a death domain containing important intermediate in the Fas mediated apoptosis. Daxx binds specifically to the Fas death domain and enhances Fas induced apoptosis and activates the Jun N terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. It is widely expressed in fetal and adult human and mouse tissue, indicating its important function in Fas signaling pathways.

Catalog Number: (10405-296)

Supplier: Bioss

Description: Receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates actions of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1). Binds IGF1 with high affinity and IGF2 and insulin (INS) with a lower affinity. The activated IGF1R is involved in cell growth and survival control. IGF1R is crucial for tumor transformation and survival of malignant cell. Ligand binding activates the receptor kinase, leading to receptor autophosphorylation, and tyrosines phosphorylation of multiple substrates, that function as signaling adapter proteins including, the insulin-receptor substrates (IRS1/2), Shc and 14-3-3 proteins. Phosphorylation of IRSs proteins lead to the activation of two main signaling pathways: the PI3K-AKT/PKB pathway and the Ras-MAPK pathway. The result of activating the MAPK pathway is increased cellular proliferation, whereas activating the PI3K pathway inhibits apoptosis and stimulates protein synthesis. Phosphorylated IRS1 can activate the 85 kDa regulatory subunit of PI3K (PIK3R1), leading to activation of several downstream substrates, including protein AKT/PKB. AKT phosphorylation, in turn, enhances protein synthesis through mTOR activation and triggers the antiapoptotic effects of IGFIR through phosphorylation and inactivation of BAD. In parallel to PI3K-driven signaling, recruitment of Grb2/SOS by phosphorylated IRS1 or Shc leads to recruitment of Ras and activation of the ras-MAPK pathway. In addition to these two main signaling pathways IGF1R signals also through the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway (JAK/STAT). Phosphorylation of JAK proteins can lead to phosphorylation/activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins. In particular activation of STAT3, may be essential for the transforming activity of IGF1R. The JAK/STAT pathway activates gene transcription and may be responsible for the transforming activity. JNK kinases can also be activated by the IGF1R.

Catalog Number: (10070-664)

Supplier: Prosci

Description: RET (ret proto-oncogene) is a member of the cadherin superfamily and a receptor tyrosine kinase, which are cell-surface molecules that transduce signals for cell growth and differentiation. It can undergo oncogenic activation in vivo and in vitro by cytogenetic rearrangement. Ligands that bind the Ret receptor include the glial cell line-derived neurotropic factor (GDNF) and its congeners neurturin, persephin and artemin. Alterations in the corresponding Ret gene are associated with diseases including papillary thyroid carcinoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia (type 2A and 2B), familial medullary thyroid carcinoma and a congenital developmental disorder known as Hirschsprung’s disease. The Tyr905 residue located in the Ret kinase domain plays a crucial role in Ret catalytic and biological activity. Substitution of Phe for Tyr905 dramatically inhibits Ret autophosphorylation activity.

Catalog Number: (76083-924)

Supplier: Bioss

Description: The Raf family of serine/threonine specific kinases is comprised of three members (aRaf, bRaf, and cRaf) that play a critical role in regulating cell growth and differentiation, and couple growth factor receptor stimulation to nuclear transcription factors via the Ras/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. cRaf kinase (also known as Raf1) is a small GTPase like kinase of 73 kDa, and is a signal transducer of multiple extracellular stimuli that is regulated by several pathways, and that once activated, phosphorylates MEK which in turn phosphorylates ERK. Raf1 is involved in the transduction of mitogenic signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus. It is part of the Ras dependent signaling pathway from receptors to the nucleus.

Catalog Number: (10749-718)

Supplier: Prosci

Description: TRAF3 Antibody: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factors (TRAFs) are the major signal transducers for the TNF receptor superfamily and the interleukin-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor (IL-1/TLR) superfamily. TRAF3 was first identified by its interaction with CD40 and the Epstein-Barr virus transforming protein LMP1. Several TRAF3 mRNA splice variants exist and some of these can activate the transcription factor NF-kappa B. Besides CD40, TRAF3 also interacts with the TRFR superfamily member lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LTbetaR) in association with TRAF2 and the apoptosis inhibitors cIAP1 and Smac. It has been suggested that TRAF3 induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis upon binding of the TNF family cytokine LIGHT by LTbetaR.

Catalog Number: (89415-902)

Supplier: Prosci

Description: TRAF3 Antibody: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factors (TRAFs) are the major signal transducers for the TNF receptor superfamily and the interleukin-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor (IL-1/TLR) superfamily. TRAF3 was first identified by its interaction with CD40 and the Epstein-Barr virus transforming protein LMP1. Several TRAF3 mRNA splice variants exist and some of these can activate the transcription factor NF-kappa B. Besides CD40, TRAF3 also interacts with the TRFR superfamily member lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LTbetaR) in association with TRAF2 and the apoptosis inhibitors cIAP1 and Smac. It has been suggested that TRAF3 induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis upon binding of the TNF family cytokine LIGHT by LTbetaR.

Catalog Number: (10107-310)

Supplier: Prosci

Description: SMAD2 belongs to the SMAD, a family of proteins similar to the gene products of the Drosophila gene 'mothers against decapentaplegic' (Mad) and the C. elegans gene Sma. SMAD proteins are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. SMAD2 mediates the signal of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, and thus regulates multiple cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. SMAD2 is recruited to the TGF-beta receptors through its interaction with the SMAD anchor for receptor activation (SARA) protein. In response to TGF-beta signal, SMAD2 is phosphorylated by the TGF-beta receptors. The phosphorylation induces the dissociation of this protein with SARA and the association with the family member SMAD4. The association with SMAD4 is important for the translocation of this protein into the nucleus, where it binds to target promoters and forms a transcription repressor complex with other cofactors. This protein can also be phosphorylated by activin type 1 receptor kinase, and mediates the signal from the activin.The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the SMAD, a family of proteins similar to the gene products of the Drosophila gene 'mothers against decapentaplegic' (Mad) and the C. elegans gene Sma. SMAD proteins are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. This protein mediates the signal of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, and thus regulates multiple cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. This protein is recruited to the TGF-beta receptors through its interaction with the SMAD anchor for receptor activation (SARA) protein. In response to TGF-beta signal, this protein is phosphorylated by the TGF-beta receptors. The phosphorylation induces the dissociation of this protein with SARA and the association with the family member SMAD4. The association with SMAD4 is important for the translocation of this protein into the nucleus, where it binds to target promoters and forms a transcription repressor complex with other cofactors. This protein can also be phosphorylated by activin type 1 receptor kinase, and mediates the signal from the activin. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been observed.

Catalog Number: (89415-976)

Supplier: Prosci

Description: ATF6 Antibody: Disruptions of protein folding and maturation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) result in the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), an integrated cellular signaling pathway that transmits information from the ER lumen to the cytoplasm and nucleus. Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) as well as the ER-transmembrane protein kinases IRE1p and PERK are the major transducers of the UPR. ATF6 is an ER transmembrane protein that is normally bound to the ER chaperone GRP78, but upon ER stress is released from GRP78 and proteolytically cleaved to yield a cytosolic fragment which then migrates to the nucleus, and together with the transcription factor XBP-1, activates transcription of UPR-responsive genes. ATF6 has two isoforms (ATF6 alpha and ATF6 beta ); only ATF6 alpha is recognized by this antibody.

Catalog Number: (76079-898)

Supplier: Bioss

Description: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase subfamily. Although it is similar to other receptor tyrosine kinases, the Axl protein represents a unique structure of the extracellular region that juxtaposes IgL and FNIII repeats. It transduces signals from the extracellular matrix into the cytoplasm by binding growth factors such as vitamin K dependent protein growth arrest specific gene 6. It is involved in the stimulation of cell proliferation. This receptor can also mediate cell aggregation by homophilic binding. Axl is a chronic myelogenous leukemia associated oncogene and also associated with colon cancer and melanoma.The Axl gene is evolutionarily conserved between vertebrate species. This gene has two different alternatively spliced transcript variants (AXL1 and AXL2).

Catalog Number: (89415-304)

Supplier: Prosci

Description: CIDE-A Antibody: Apoptosis is related to many diseases and induced by a family of cell death receptors. Cell death signals are transduced by DD-, DED-, or CARD-containing molecules and members of the caspase family of proteases. These death signals finally cause the degradation of chromosomal DNA by activated DNase DFF40/CAD, which is chaperoned and inhibited by DFF45/ICAD. DFF45 related proteins CIDE-A and CIDE-B (for cell death-inducing DFF-like effector A and B) were recently identified. CIDE contains a new type of domain termed CIDE-N, which has high homology with the regulatory domains of DFF45/ICAD and DFF40/CAD. Expression of CIDE-A induces DNA fragmentation and activates apoptosis, which is inhibited by DFF45. CIDE-A is expressed in many tissues.

Catalog Number: (89358-290)

Supplier: Genetex

Description: The protein encoded by this gene is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by activated T cells. This cytokine is a ligand for interleukin 4 receptor. The interleukin 4 receptor also binds to IL13, which may contribute to many overlapping functions of this cytokine and IL13. STAT6, a signal transducer and activator of transcription, has been shown to play a central role in mediating the immune regulatory signal of this cytokine. This gene, IL3, IL5, IL13, and CSF2 form a cytokine gene cluster on chromosome 5q, with this gene particularly close to IL13. This gene, IL13 and IL5 are found to be regulated coordinately by several long-range regulatory elements in an over 120 kilobase range on the chromosome. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms have been reported.

Catalog Number: (75791-640)

Supplier: Prosci

Description: The tetrameric receptor complex for IFN gamma consists of two subunits, IFNGR1 (IFN gamma R alpha) and IFNGR2 (IFN gamma R beta ), through which the dimeric IFN- gamma exerts its biological functions, including antiviral, antiproliferation and immune-modulatory activity in mammals. Both IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 are single transmembrane proteins belonging to the class II cytokine family. FNGR1, widely expressed in most host cells, is essential for IFN gamma binding, receptor trafficking, and signal transduction. IFNGR1 possesses an intracellular Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK) 1 binding site, a signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) binding site. The resulting STAT1 homodimers translocate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and bind to the interferon-gamma activated sequence (GAS) promoter to induce expression of downstream interferon stimulated genes (ISGs).

Catalog Number: (10748-252)

Supplier: Prosci

Description: Daxx Antibody: Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, occurs during normal cellular differentiation and development of multicellular organisms. Apoptosis is induced by certain cytokines including TNF and Fas ligand of the TNF family through their death domain containing receptors, TNFR1 and Fas. Cell death signals are transduced by death domain (DD)- containing adapter molecules and members of the ICE/CED-3 protease family. A novel DD-containing molecule was recently cloned from mouse, human and monkey and designated Daxx. Daxx binds specifically to the Fas death domain and enhances Fas induced apoptosis and activates the Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Daxx is widely expressed in fetal and adult human and mouse tissues indicating its important function in Fas signaling pathways.

Catalog Number: (10748-244)

Supplier: Prosci

Description: FLIP Antibody: Apoptosis is related to many diseases and induced by a family of cell death receptors and their ligands. Cell death signals are transduced by death domain (DD) containing adapter molecules and members of the ICE/CED-3 protease family.Caspases-8 (FLICE) and -10 (FLICE2) are two pivotal members in the ICE/CED-3 protease family. FLICE-inhibitory proteins were identified in virus and human and designated v-FLIPs and FLIP respectively. The human FLIP was also cloned by several labs independently and termed Casper, I-FLICE, FLAME-1, CASH, CLARP and MRIT. FLIP contains two death effector domains (DEDs) and a caspase-like domain. FLIP interacts with adapter protein FADD and caspase-8 and 10, and potently inhibits apoptosis induced by all known death receptors CD95, DR3, TRAIL-R and TNFR1.

Catalog Number: (10749-278)

Supplier: Prosci

Description: Caspase-9 Antibody: Apoptosis is related to many diseases and induced by a family of cell death receptors and their ligands. Cell death signals are transduced by death domain containing adapter molecules and members of the caspase family of proteases. A novel member in the caspase family was recently identified and designated ICE-LAP6, Mch6, and Apaf-3. Caspase-9 and Apaf-1 bind to each other, which leads to caspase-9 activation. Caspase-9 is also activated by granzyme B and CPP32. Activated caspase-9 cleaves and activates caspase-3 that is one of the key proteases, being responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of many key proteins in apoptosis. Caspase-9 play a central role in cell death induced by a wide variety of apoptosis activators including TNFalpha , TRAIL, anti-CD-95, FADD, and TRADD. Caspase-9 is expressed in a variety of human tissues.