You Searched For: Biosensis

Catalog Number: (10782-116)

Supplier: Biosensis

Description: High-mobility group proteins were named originally since they are abundand relatively low molecular weight proteins which run quickly on SDS-PAGE gels. High-mobility group protein box 1 (HMGB1, Amphoterin) is one of these. The "bx" in the name refers to the so-called high mobility group (HMG) box, a compact domain involved in DNA binding and protein-protein interactions. the HMGB1 molecule has two of these HMG domains. The protein is alslo called amphoterin, this name being derived from the presence of two highly charged regions in the molecule, a relatively neutrally charged N-terminus and a very negatively charged C-terminus. In fact the molecule is very unusually charged throughout, the human sequence consisting of 16.7% Glutamic acid, 9.3% Aspartic acid, 20% lysine and 9.3% Arginine. HMGB1 can bind Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products (RAGE). TLRs are components of the innate immune system, first recognized as a family of receptors which recognize "Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern molecules (PAMPs). PAMPs are common components of bacteria and when TLRs bind these a strong inflammatory response is activated. More recently it has been recognized that TLRs can also be activated by Damage Associated Molecular Pattern molecules (DAMPs), which are endogenous substances released from damaged and diseased cells which also bind to TLR family receptors and also activate inflammation. HMGB1 is such a DAMP, binding to TLR4, and much evidence suggests that HMGB1 is a strong activator of inflammation. Interestingly, HMGB1 is released by necrotic cells but not by apoptotic cells (1).

Catalog Number: (10782-062)

Supplier: Biosensis

Description: Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a metabolic enzyme responsible for catalyzing one step in the glycolytic pathway, the reversible oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. GAPDH may have other roles in the activation of transcription and in the regulation of apoptosis as well as Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease. The immunogen used to raise this particular antibody was extensively purified pig GAPDH. This antibody can be used as a loading control for western blotting experiments, allowing comparison between the level of this protein and others in a cell or tissue.

Catalog Number: (10782-580)

Supplier: Biosensis

Description: BDNF belongs to the neurotrophin family and promotes the survival of neuronal populations that are all located either in the central nervous system or directly connected to it. It is a major regulator of synaptic transmission and plasticity at adult synapses in many regions of the CNS. The versatility of BDNF is emphasized by its contribution to a range of adaptive neuronal responses including long-term potentiation (LTP), long-term depression (LTD), certain forms of short-term synaptic plasticity, as well as homeostatic regulation of intrinsic neuronal excitability. The alterations in BDNF expression induced by various kinds of brain insult including stress, ischemia, seizure activity and hypoglycemia, may contribute to some pathologies such as depression, epilepsy, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's disease. Microglia release BDNF that may contribute to neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain. SUBUNIT: Monomers and homodimers. Binds to NTRK2/TRKB. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted protein. POst translation modification: Converted into mature BDNF by plasmin (PLG). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the NGF-beta family.

Catalog Number: (10782-600)

Supplier: Biosensis

Description: LRRK2 is a member of the leucine-rich repeat kinase family. Its role is yet unknown but it may play a role in the phoshorylation of proteins central to parkinson diseases. LRRK2 contains an ankryin repeat region, a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain, a kinase domain, a DFG-like motif, a RAS domain, a GTPase domain, a MLK-like domain and a WD40 domain. LRRK2 is present in the cytoplasm but also associates with the mitochondrial outer membrane. Defects in LRRK2 are the cause of Parkinson disease 8 (PARK8). Parkinson disease is characterised by bradykinesia, resting tremor, muscular rigidity and postural instability, as well as by a clinically significant response to treatment with levodopa. The pathology involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies (intraneuronal accumulations of aggregated proteins), in surviving neurons in various areas of the brain. PARK8 is an autosomal-dominant late-onset parkinsonism, characterized by onset from 50 to 65 years, with slow progression and relatively benign course.

Catalog Number: (10782-638)

Supplier: Biosensis

Description: NULL

Catalog Number: (10782-592)

Supplier: Biosensis

Description: NT3 is a member of the neurotrophin family, that controls survival and differentiation of visceral and proprioceptive sensory neurons. NT3 is closely related to both NGF and BDNF. It may be involved in the maintenance of the adult nervous system, and may affect development of neurons in the embryo when it is expressed in human placenta. NT3-deficient mice generated by gene targeting display sevvere movement defects of the limbs. The mature peptide of this protein is identical in all mammals examined including human, pig, rat and mouse. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted protein. TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Brain and peripheral tissues. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the NGF-beta family.

Catalog Number: (10782-628)

Supplier: Biosensis

Description: CNTF is a survival promoting factor for different types of neurons in vitro and in vivo. The essential structural features for the biological function of human CNTF were investigated by Thier, M. et al. They showed that deletion of 14 N-terminal and 18 C-terminal amino acids significantly increased bioactivity compared to wild-type CNTF. FUNCTION: CNTF is a survival factor for various neuronal cell types. Seems to prevent the degeneration of motor axons after axotomy. SUBUNIT: Homodimer. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Nervous system. PHARMACEUTICAL: CNTF is being tested under the name Axokine by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals for treatment of human motor neuron diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). As it induces substantial weight loss, preferentially of fat as opposed to lean body mass, it is being used for obesity treatment. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the CNTF family.

Catalog Number: (10782-620)

Supplier: Biosensis

Description: GDNF is a glycosylated, disulfide-bonded homodimer molecule. It was first discovered as a potent survival factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons and was then shown to rescue these neurons in animal models of Parkinson's disease. GDNF is about 100 times more efficient survival factor for spinal motor neurons than the neurotrophins. FUNCTION: Neurotrophic factor that enhances survival and morphological differentiation of dopaminergic neurons and increases their high-affinity dopamine uptake. SUBUNIT: Homodimer; disulfide-linked. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted protein. ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS: 2 named isoforms produced by alternative splicing. DISEASE: Defects in GDNF may be a cause of Hirschsprung disease (HSCR). In association with mutations of RET gene, defects in GDNF may be involved in Hirschsprung disease. This genetic disorder of neural crest development is characterized by the absence of intramural ganglion cells in the hindgut, often resulting in intestinal obstruction. DISEASE: Defects in GDNF are a cause of congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS); also known as congenital failure of autonomic control or Ondine curse. CCHS is a rare disorder characterized by abnormal control of respiration in the absence of neuromuscular or lung disease, or an identifiable brain stem lesion. A deficiency in autonomic control of respiration results in inadequate or negligible ventilatory and arousal responses to hypercapnia and hypoxemia. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the TGF-beta family. GDNF subfamily.

Catalog Number: (10782-610)

Supplier: Biosensis

Description: The beta Amyloid peptide is derived from the cleavage of the Amyloid precursor protein and varies in length from 39 to 43 amino acids. Beta amyloid peptides are the major constituents of the plaques and tangles that occur in Alzheimer's disease.

Catalog Number: (10782-614)

Supplier: Biosensis

Description: Neurturin (NTN) is a member of the GDNF family of neurotrophic factors. This protein is a potent survival factor for several populations of central and peripheral neurons in mature and developing rodents. FUNCTION: Supports the survival of sympathetic neurons in culture. May regulate the development and maintenance of the CNS. Might control the size of non-neuronal cell population such as haemopoietic cells. SUBUNIT: Homodimer; disulfide-linked. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted protein. DISEASE: Defects in NRTN are a cause of Hirschsprung disease (HSCR). In association with mutations of RET gene, and possibly with other loci, defects in NRTN are involved in Hirschsprung disease. This genetic disorder of neural crest development is characterized by the absence of intramural ganglion cells in the hindgut, often resulting in intestinal obstruction. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the TGF-beta family. GDNF subfamily.

Catalog Number: (10782-540)

Supplier: Biosensis

Description: Clathrin is a major protein component of the polyhedral coat of coated pits and vesicles. Two different adapter protein complexes link the clathrin lattice to either the plasma membrane or the trans-Golgi network. These specialised organelles are involved in the intracellular trafficking of receptors and endocytosis of a variety of macromolecules. Clathrin triskelions, composed of 3 heavy chains and 3 light chains, are the basic subunits of the clathrin coat. In the presence of light chains, hub assembly is influenced by both the pH and the concentration of calcium. Clathrin localises to the cytoplasmic face of coated pit and vesicle membranes.

Catalog Number: (10782-476)

Supplier: Biosensis

Description: ATG10 plays a role in autophagy. It is an E2-like enzyme involved in 2 ubiquitin-like modifications essential for autophagosome formation: ATG12-ATG5 conjugations and modificatioon of a soluble form of MAPLC3 1A, a homolog of yeast ATG8, to a membrane bound form.  It is also able to directly interact either with ATG5 or ATG7.

Catalog Number: (10782-480)

Supplier: Biosensis

Description: Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of the catecholamines dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine. Therefore the regulation of the TH enzyme represents the central means for controlling the synthesis of these important catecholamines. FUNCTION: Plays an important role in the physiology of adrenergic neurons. CATALYTIC ACTIVITY: L-tyrosine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine + 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin. COFACTOR: Fe(2+) ion. ENZYME REGULATION: Phosphorylation leads to an increase in the catalytic activity. PATHWAY: Catecholamine biosynthesis; first step. SUBUNIT: Homotetramer. PTM: In vitro, phosphorylation of Ser-19 increases the rate of Ser-40 phosphorylation, which results in enzyme opening and activation. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase family. The presence of different DNA sequences at the TH locus confers susceptibility to various disorders of the brain including manic-depression and schizophrenia. Parkinson's disease is also considered a TH deficiency as low dopamine levels are a consistent neurochemical abnormality.

Catalog Number: (10781-986)

Supplier: Biosensis

Description: FUNCTION: Nerve growth factor is important for the development and maintenance of the sympathetic and sensory nervous systems. It stimulates division and differentiation of sympathetic and embryonic sensory neurons. SUBUNIT: Homodimer, associated by noncovalent forces. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the NGF-beta family.

Catalog Number: (10782-020)

Supplier: Biosensis

Description: Neuropeptide VF is the precursor of neuropeptides NPSF (RFRP-1), RFRP-2 and RFRP-3 (NPVF). RFRP-3 is reported to inhibit forskolin-induced production of cAMP. RFRP-3 has also been shown to block morphine-induced analgesia.

Catalog Number: (10781-980)

Supplier: Biosensis

Description: Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFB1) is a multi-functional cytokine with roles in proliferation, differentiation and other functions in many cell types. The secreted TGFB1 protein is cleaved into a latency-associated peptide (LAP) and a mature TGFB1 peptide (Ref: SWISS-Prot).